<div dir="ltr"><br><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">---------- Forwarded message ---------<br>From: <strong class="gmail_sendername" dir="auto">Gary Marcus from Marcus on AI</strong> <span dir="auto">&lt;<a href="mailto:garymarcus@substack.com">garymarcus@substack.com</a>&gt;</span><br>Date: Sat, Apr 11, 2026 at 6:20 PM<br>Subject: The biggest advance in AI since the LLM<br>To:  &lt;<a href="mailto:buchberger.bruno@gmail.com">buchberger.bruno@gmail.com</a>&gt;<br></div><br><br><div style="font-kerning:auto"><img src="https://eotrx.substackcdn.com/o/9222b8f248b4a17b/p.gif?token=eyJtIjoiPDIwMjYwNDExMTYxOTM4LjMuOWMyMTE5ZTkwYTRiY2ZlYkBtZzIuc3Vic3RhY2suY29tPiIsInUiOjEzMTA1NDc1MiwiciI6ImJ1Y2hiZXJnZXIuYnJ1bm9AZ21haWwuY29tIiwiZCI6Im1nMi5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20iLCJwIjoxOTM4OTU0ODgsInQiOiJuZXdzbGV0dGVyIiwiYSI6ImV2ZXJ5b25lIiwicyI6ODg4NjE1LCJjIjoicG9zdCIsImYiOnRydWUsInBvc2l0aW9uIjoidG9wIiwiaWF0IjoxNzc1OTI0Mzk4LCJleHAiOjE3Nzg1MTYzOTgsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0wIiwic3ViIjoiZW8ifQ.RTqTuAkasfwDbvTaEqnFbj8ciRltHKWM2FbooOgxX0M" alt="" width="1" height="1" border="0" style="height:1px!important;width:1px!important;border-width:0!important;margin-top:0!important;margin-bottom:0!important;margin-right:0!important;margin-left:0!important;padding-top:0!important;padding-bottom:0!important;padding-right:0!important;padding-left:0!important"><div style="display:none;font-size:1px;color:#333333;line-height:1px;max-height:0px;max-width:0px;opacity:0;overflow:hidden">Why Claude Code changes everything</div><div style="display:none;font-size:1px;color:#333333;line-height:1px;max-height:0px;max-width:0px;opacity:0;overflow:hidden">͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­͏     ­</div><table role="presentation" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td width="550"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td width="550" align="left"><div style="font-size:16px;line-height:26px;max-width:550px;width:100%;margin:0 auto"><table role="presentation" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="right" style="height:20px"><table role="presentation" width="auto" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="font-family:SF Pro Text,-apple-system,system-ui,BlinkMacSystemFont,Inter,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol;font-size:13px;color:unset;list-style:none;text-decoration:unset;margin:0"><div style="list-style:none;color:unset;text-align:right;font-size:12px;line-height:16px;text-decoration:unset;margin:0"><span style="list-style:none;color:unset;text-decoration:unset;margin:0">Forwarded this email? <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9nYXJ5bWFyY3VzLnN1YnN0YWNrLmNvbS9zdWJzY3JpYmU_dXRtX3NvdXJjZT1lbWFpbCZ1dG1fY2FtcGFpZ249ZW1haWwtc3Vic2NyaWJlJnI9MjYweWhzJm5leHQ9aHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZnYXJ5bWFyY3VzLnN1YnN0YWNrLmNvbSUyRnAlMkZ0aGUtYmlnZ2VzdC1hZHZhbmNlLWluLWFpLXNpbmNlLXRoZSIsInAiOjE5Mzg5NTQ4OCwicyI6ODg4NjE1LCJmIjp0cnVlLCJ1IjoxMzEwNTQ3NTIsImlhdCI6MTc3NTkyNDM5OCwiZXhwIjoyMDkxNTAwMzk4LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMCIsInN1YiI6ImxpbmstcmVkaXJlY3QifQ.jUebbyk7DadlAB7PXZTGJ5c-st02YHEhltJS9ABFSYs?" style="list-style:none;color:unset;text-decoration:unset;margin:0;text-decoration-line:underline" target="_blank">Subscribe here</a> for more</span></div></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div dir="auto" style="padding:32px 0 0 0;font-size:16px;line-height:26px"><div role="region" aria-label="Post header" style="font-size:16px;line-height:26px"><h1 dir="auto" style="direction:auto;text-align:start;unicode-bidi:isolate;color:rgb(54,55,55);font-family:&#39;SF Pro Display&#39;,-apple-system-headline,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,&#39;Apple Color Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Symbol&#39;;font-weight:bold;margin:0;line-height:36px;font-size:32px"><a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=888615&amp;post_id=193895488&amp;utm_source=post-email-title&amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;r=260yhs&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxMzEwNTQ3NTIsInBvc3RfaWQiOjE5Mzg5NTQ4OCwiaWF0IjoxNzc1OTI0Mzk4LCJleHAiOjE3Nzg1MTYzOTgsImlzcyI6InB1Yi04ODg2MTUiLCJzdWIiOiJwb3N0LXJlYWN0aW9uIn0.2wL4HyKRaNKn3IsR8YZs2afEjiPpyKYXs8_r3VRQBm4" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">The biggest advance in AI since the LLM</a></h1><h3 dir="auto" style="direction:auto;text-align:start;unicode-bidi:isolate;font-family:&#39;SF Pro Display&#39;,-apple-system-headline,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,&#39;Apple Color Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Symbol&#39;;font-weight:normal;margin:4px 0 0;color:#777777;line-height:24px;font-size:18px;margin-top:12px">Why Claude Code changes everything</h3><table role="presentation" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:1em 0;height:20px"><tbody><tr><td><table role="presentation" width="auto" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td><table role="presentation" width="auto" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle"><div style="list-style:none;font-size:11px;line-height:20px;text-decoration:unset;color:rgb(54,55,55);margin:0;font-family:&#39;SF Compact&#39;,-apple-system,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,&#39;Apple Color Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Symbol&#39;;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.2px"><a style="list-style:none;color:rgb(54,55,55);margin:0;font-size:11px;line-height:20px;font-family:&#39;SF Compact&#39;,-apple-system,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,&#39;Apple Color Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Symbol&#39;;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.2px;text-decoration:none" href="https://substack.com/@garymarcus" target="_blank">Gary Marcus</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td><table role="presentation" width="auto" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle"><div style="list-style:none;font-size:11px;line-height:20px;text-decoration:unset;color:rgb(119,119,119);margin:0;font-family:&#39;SF Compact&#39;,-apple-system,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,&#39;Apple Color Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Symbol&#39;;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.2px">Apr 11</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td align="right"><table role="presentation" width="auto" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://substack.com/@garymarcus" target="_blank"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ka51!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb2e48c-be2a-4db7-b68c-90300f00fd1e_1668x1456.jpeg" style="box-sizing:border-box;max-width:550px;border:none;vertical-align:middle;width:40px;height:40px;min-width:40px;min-height:40px;object-fit:cover;margin:0px;display:inline;border-radius:50%" width="40" height="40"></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-top:1px solid rgb(0,0,0,.1);border-bottom:1px solid rgb(0,0,0,.1);min-width:100%"><tbody><tr height="16"><td height="16" style="font-size:0px;line-height:0"> </td></tr><tr><td><table role="presentation" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td><table role="presentation" width="auto" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle"><table role="presentation" width="38" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="center"><a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=888615&amp;post_id=193895488&amp;utm_source=substack&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;submitLike=true&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxMzEwNTQ3NTIsInBvc3RfaWQiOjE5Mzg5NTQ4OCwicmVhY3Rpb24iOiLinaQiLCJpYXQiOjE3NzU5MjQzOTgsImV4cCI6MTc3ODUxNjM5OCwiaXNzIjoicHViLTg4ODYxNSIsInN1YiI6InJlYWN0aW9uIn0.ooaUDFJne28YO_T5qeAyCSV2CXyZCwCoEtduC44gpiM&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=email-reaction&amp;r=260yhs" style="font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39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/1e665d7c-f5f9-4fdb-8925-2775feb32a71?j=eyJ1IjoiMjYweWhzIn0.m1tNzOVhaSv9i9EblceBSry3VETBUwU7ZHYTCJO5nD4" rel="" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">print.ts</a></em><span>.</span></p><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px"><em>print.ts</em><span> is a pattern matching. And pattern matching is supposed to be the *strength* of LLMs. </span></p><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px">But Anthropic figured out that if you really need to get your patterns right, you can’t trust a pure LLM. They are too probabilistic. And too erratic.</p><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px"><span>Instead, the way Anthropic built that kernel is straight out of classical symbolic AI.  For example, it’s in large part a big IF-THEN conditional, with 486 branch points and 12 levels of nesting — all inside a deterministic, symbolic loop that the real godfathers of AI, people like John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky and Herb Simon, would have instantly recognized.</span><span style="font-size:20px">¹</span></p><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px">Putting things differently, Anthropic, when push came to shove, went exactly where I have said for 25 years that the field needed to go: to Neurosymbolic AI. </p><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px"><span>That’s right, the biggest advance since the LLM is </span><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/0536f294-ae0e-4ce1-b196-fcfda8792551?j=eyJ1IjoiMjYweWhzIn0.m1tNzOVhaSv9i9EblceBSry3VETBUwU7ZHYTCJO5nD4" rel="" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">neurosymbolic</a><span>. AlphaFold, AlphaEvolve, AlphaProof, and AlphaGeometry are all neurosymbolic, too; </span><a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/garymarcus/p/how-o3-and-grok-4-accidentally-vindicated?r=8tdk6&amp;utm_medium=ios" rel="" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">so is Code Interpreter; when you are calling code, you are asking symbolic AI to do an important part of the work</a><span>.</span></p><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px"><span>Claude Code isn’t better because of scaling. It’s better because it is </span><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/0536f294-ae0e-4ce1-b196-fcfda8792551?j=eyJ1IjoiMjYweWhzIn0.m1tNzOVhaSv9i9EblceBSry3VETBUwU7ZHYTCJO5nD4" rel="" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">neurosymbolic</a><span>. Anthropic accepted the importance of using classical AI techniques alongside neural networks — precisely </span><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/4023e1a8-1594-4ba1-91b3-356357ebc3e2?j=eyJ1IjoiMjYweWhzIn0.m1tNzOVhaSv9i9EblceBSry3VETBUwU7ZHYTCJO5nD4" rel="" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">the marriage I have spent my career advocating</a><span>. </span></p><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px"><span>It’s both massive vindication for me personally (see </span><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/12c84519-6a14-42e1-88a9-df1edcb379da?j=eyJ1IjoiMjYweWhzIn0.m1tNzOVhaSv9i9EblceBSry3VETBUwU7ZHYTCJO5nD4" rel="" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">my 2019 debate with Yoshua Bengio</a><span> for context, or my 2001 book, </span><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/4023e1a8-1594-4ba1-91b3-356357ebc3e2?j=eyJ1IjoiMjYweWhzIn0.m1tNzOVhaSv9i9EblceBSry3VETBUwU7ZHYTCJO5nD4" rel="" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">The Algebraic Mind</a><span>), and for </span><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/f17ddb48-f247-4194-bd69-8eb1dd552207?j=eyJ1IjoiMjYweWhzIn0.m1tNzOVhaSv9i9EblceBSry3VETBUwU7ZHYTCJO5nD4" rel="" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">the hundreds of other researchers who have stood by neurosymbolic AI</a><span> even when prominent people like Geoff Hinton </span><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/ca64a092-3f5d-4824-acba-5b4ac7f770d9?j=eyJ1IjoiMjYweWhzIn0.m1tNzOVhaSv9i9EblceBSry3VETBUwU7ZHYTCJO5nD4" rel="" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">wrongly disparaged us</a><span> for years. </span></p><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px"></p><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px">Still, Claude Code ain’t perfect, or even close.</p><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px"><span>What we really need to do to get trustworthy AI rather than the current unpredictable “jagged” mess, is to go in the knowledge-, reasoning-, and world-model driven direction I laid out in 2020, in an article called </span><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/cb9f4689-46c9-4a8e-a5d6-912a1039c602?j=eyJ1IjoiMjYweWhzIn0.m1tNzOVhaSv9i9EblceBSry3VETBUwU7ZHYTCJO5nD4" rel="" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">The Next Decade in AI</a><span>, in which neurosymbolic AI is just the *starting point* in a longer journey.</span></p><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px"><span>Read </span><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/cb9f4689-46c9-4a8e-a5d6-912a1039c602?j=eyJ1IjoiMjYweWhzIn0.m1tNzOVhaSv9i9EblceBSry3VETBUwU7ZHYTCJO5nD4" rel="" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">that article</a><span> if you want to know what else we need to do next. The first part has already come to pass. In time, other three will, too.</span></p><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px">Meanwhile, the implications for the allocation of capital are pretty massive: smartly adding in bits of symbolic AI can do a lot more than scaling alone, and even Anthropic has now discovered (though they haven’t acknowledged publicly) scaling is no longer the essence of innovation. </p><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px">The paradigm has changed.</p><div style="margin:0 0 1em;direction:ltr;font-size:16px;line-height:26px"><div style="text-decoration:unset;list-style:none;font-size:16px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:4px"><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9nYXJ5bWFyY3VzLnN1YnN0YWNrLmNvbS9zdWJzY3JpYmU_dXRtX3NvdXJjZT1wb3N0JnV0bV9jYW1wYWlnbj1lbWFpbC1jaGVja291dCZuZXh0PWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZ2FyeW1hcmN1cy5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20lMkZwJTJGdGhlLWJpZ2dlc3QtYWR2YW5jZS1pbi1haS1zaW5jZS10aGUmcj0yNjB5aHMmdG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpveE16RXdOVFEzTlRJc0ltbGhkQ0k2TVRjM05Ua3lORE01T0N3aVpYaHdJam94TnpjNE5URTJNems0TENKcGMzTWlPaUp3ZFdJdE9EZzROakUxSWl3aWMzVmlJam9pWTJobFkydHZkWFFpZlEuNklCY01RWnAwZkhCX0ZObEZnS3U0MHE0ZFpuMVhHTnktbXVVMThUQXlOSSIsInAiOjE5Mzg5NTQ4OCwicyI6ODg4NjE1LCJmIjp0cnVlLCJ1IjoxMzEwNTQ3NTIsImlhdCI6MTc3NTkyNDM5OCwiZXhwIjoyMDkxNTAwMzk4LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMCIsInN1YiI6ImxpbmstcmVkaXJlY3QifQ.gFZIo-Sqe1vkpST2EsNBtbuQDnTwah0x3D2-CHBPrMQ?&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_source=subscribe-widget&amp;utm_content=193895488" style="font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,&#39;Apple Color Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Symbol&#39;;display:inline-block;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;border-radius:8px;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;font-weight:600;text-align:center;opacity:1;outline:none;white-space:nowrap;text-decoration:none!important;margin:0 auto;background-color:#ea410b;color:#ffffff!important;padding:12px 20px;height:auto" target="_blank"><span style="color:#ffffff;text-decoration:none">Upgrade to paid</span></a></div></div><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px"><span>P.s. for a good </span><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/0536f294-ae0e-4ce1-b196-fcfda8792551?j=eyJ1IjoiMjYweWhzIn0.m1tNzOVhaSv9i9EblceBSry3VETBUwU7ZHYTCJO5nD4" rel="" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">recent review</a><span> of neurosymbolic AI, read </span><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/0536f294-ae0e-4ce1-b196-fcfda8792551?j=eyJ1IjoiMjYweWhzIn0.m1tNzOVhaSv9i9EblceBSry3VETBUwU7ZHYTCJO5nD4" rel="" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">this</a><span>: </span></p><div style="font-size:16px;line-height:26px;margin:32px auto"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center"></td><td align="left" width="1456" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/0c6d16f9-9f10-469d-8662-8825512b6cd5?j=eyJ1IjoiMjYweWhzIn0.m1tNzOVhaSv9i9EblceBSry3VETBUwU7ZHYTCJO5nD4" rel="" style="padding:0;width:auto;height:auto;border:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin:0" target="_blank"><img alt="" title="" width="550" height="354.7046703296703" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4QN-!,w_1100,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a6005de-1f87-4551-a114-e5777a7a89cf_2142x1382.png" style="border:none!important;vertical-align:middle;display:block;height:auto;margin-bottom:0;width:auto!important;max-width:100%!important;margin:0 auto"></a></td><td style="text-align:center"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px"></p><div style="line-height:26px;display:flex;border-top:solid 1px rgb(0,0,0,.1);padding-top:1.5em;font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0"><span style="display:block;margin-right:6px;min-width:24px">1</span><div style="font-size:16px;line-height:26px;display:block"><p style="margin:0 0 20px 0;color:rgb(54,55,55);line-height:26px;font-size:16px;min-width:10px"><span>Claude Code is plainly neurosymbolic but the symbolic code part is a mess; as Ernie Davis and I argued in </span><em>Rebooting AI</em><span> in 2019, we also need major advances in software engineering. But that’s a story for another day.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div style="margin:32px 0 0;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;border-top:1px solid #e6e6e6;font-size:16px;line-height:26px"></div><div style="text-align:initial;word-break:break-word;margin-bottom:32px;margin:32px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:26px"><p style="color:rgb(54,55,55);margin:0 auto 20px;text-align:center;width:90%;line-height:26px;font-size:16px;margin-top:0"><span style="list-style:none;color:unset;text-decoration:unset;margin:0">You&#39;re currently a free subscriber to <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/cc2d6702-4f06-479d-9b6f-7b98250f9c27?j=eyJ1IjoiMjYweWhzIn0.m1tNzOVhaSv9i9EblceBSry3VETBUwU7ZHYTCJO5nD4" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Marcus on AI</a>. For the full experience, <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9nYXJ5bWFyY3VzLnN1YnN0YWNrLmNvbS9zdWJzY3JpYmU_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.gFZIo-Sqe1vkpST2EsNBtbuQDnTwah0x3D2-CHBPrMQ?&amp;utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=postcta" style="color:rgb(54,55,55);text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">upgrade your subscription.</a></span></p><p style="color:rgb(54,55,55);margin:0 auto 20px;width:90%;line-height:26px;font-size:16px;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><a role="button" href="https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9nYXJ5bWFyY3VzLnN1YnN0YWNrLmNvbS9zdWJzY3JpYmU_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.gFZIo-Sqe1vkpST2EsNBtbuQDnTwah0x3D2-CHBPrMQ?&amp;utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=postcta" style="font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,&#39;Apple Color Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Symbol&#39;;display:inline-block;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;height:40px;border-radius:8px;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;font-weight:600;text-align:center;padding:10px 20px;margin:0;opacity:1;outline:none;white-space:nowrap;color:#ffffff!important;text-decoration:none!important;background-color:#ea410b" target="_blank">Upgrade to paid</a></p></div><table role="presentation" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-top:1px solid rgb(0,0,0,.1);border-bottom:1px solid rgb(0,0,0,.1);min-width:100%"><tbody><tr height="16"><td height="16" style="font-size:0px;line-height:0"> </td></tr><tr><td><table role="presentation" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td><table role="presentation" width="auto" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0 auto"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle"><table role="presentation" width="auto" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="center"><a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=888615&amp;post_id=193895488&amp;utm_source=substack&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;submitLike=true&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxMzEwNTQ3NTIsInBvc3RfaWQiOjE5Mzg5NTQ4OCwicmVhY3Rpb24iOiLinaQiLCJpYXQiOjE3NzU5MjQzOTgsImV4cCI6MTc3ODUxNjM5OCwiaXNzIjoicHViLTg4ODYxNSIsInN1YiI6InJlYWN0aW9uIn0.ooaUDFJne28YO_T5qeAyCSV2CXyZCwCoEtduC44gpiM&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=email-reaction&amp;r=260yhs" style="font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,&#39;Apple Color Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Symbol&#39;;display:inline-block;font-weight:500;border:1px solid rgb(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:9999px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;padding:9px 14px;text-decoration:none;color:rgb(119,119,119)" target="_blank"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PeVs!,w_36,c_scale,f_png,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Ficon%2FLucideHeart%3Fv%3D4%26height%3D36%26fill%3Dnone%26stroke%3D%2523808080%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JTTdNdHptQnRNIiwicCI6MTkzODk1NDg4LCJzIjo4ODg2MTUsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjEzMTA1NDc1MiwiaWF0IjoxNzc1OTI0Mzk4LCJleHAiOjIwOTE1MDAzOTgsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0wIiwic3ViIjoibGluay1yZWRpcmVjdCJ9.edCFAnGiGcgKkVXuRwOQSNt8HIwm9XdAyzveUu1CnMc?" style="text-decoration:underline;color:rgb(119,119,119)" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(119,119,119);text-decoration:underline">Unsubscribe</span></a></p></div><p style="padding:0 24px;font-size:12px;line-height:20px;margin:0;color:rgb(119,119,119);font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,&#39;Apple Color Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Emoji&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI Symbol&#39;;padding-bottom:0;margin-top:0"><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/09ac667c-7609-4039-83ab-6b465875fe6f?j=eyJ1IjoiMjYweWhzIn0.m1tNzOVhaSv9i9EblceBSry3VETBUwU7ZHYTCJO5nD4" style="color:rgb(119,119,119);text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;margin:0 4px" target="_blank"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IzGP!,w_262,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Femail%2Fgeneric-app-button%402x.png" width="131" alt="Get the app" height="40" style="max-width:550px;border:none!important;vertical-align:middle"></a><a href="https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zdWJzdGFjay5jb20vc2lnbnVwP3V0bV9zb3VyY2U9c3Vic3RhY2smdXRtX21lZGl1bT1lbWFpbCZ1dG1fY29udGVudD1mb290ZXImdXRtX2NhbXBhaWduPWF1dG9maWxsZWQtZm9vdGVyJmZyZWVTaWdudXBFbWFpbD1idWNoYmVyZ2VyLmJydW5vQGdtYWlsLmNvbSZyPTI2MHlocyIsInAiOjE5Mzg5NTQ4OCwicyI6ODg4NjE1LCJmIjp0cnVlLCJ1IjoxMzEwNTQ3NTIsImlhdCI6MTc3NTkyNDM5OCwiZXhwIjoyMDkxNTAwMzk4LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMCIsInN1YiI6ImxpbmstcmVkaXJlY3QifQ.uevKZPotvFUD1H-ok0uB9EhF3Eq2_TrXV2aV7jZg7_M?" style="color:rgb(119,119,119);text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;margin:0 4px" target="_blank"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LkrL!,w_270,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Femail%2Fpublish-button%402x.png" width="135" alt="Start writing" height="40" style="max-width:550px;border:none!important;vertical-align:middle"></a></p></div></div></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><img src="https://eotrx.substackcdn.com/o/c1d8e2cc38b4c050/p.gif?token=eyJtIjoiPDIwMjYwNDExMTYxOTM4LjMuOWMyMTE5ZTkwYTRiY2ZlYkBtZzIuc3Vic3RhY2suY29tPiIsInUiOjEzMTA1NDc1MiwiciI6ImJ1Y2hiZXJnZXIuYnJ1bm9AZ21haWwuY29tIiwiZCI6Im1nMi5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20iLCJwIjoxOTM4OTU0ODgsInQiOiJuZXdzbGV0dGVyIiwiYSI6ImV2ZXJ5b25lIiwicyI6ODg4NjE1LCJjIjoicG9zdCIsImYiOnRydWUsInBvc2l0aW9uIjoiYm90dG9tIiwiaWF0IjoxNzc1OTI0Mzk4LCJleHAiOjE3Nzg1MTYzOTgsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0wIiwic3ViIjoiZW8ifQ.Hxp-oXVJvCtEf3qUbcogfd07FEeT2Nu1gcKRE-c0oiQ" alt="" width="1" height="1" border="0" style="height:1px!important;width:1px!important;border-width:0!important;margin-top:0!important;margin-bottom:0!important;margin-right:0!important;margin-left:0!important;padding-top:0!important;padding-bottom:0!important;padding-right:0!important;padding-left:0!important"><img width="1" height="1" alt="" src="https://email.mg2.substack.com/o/eJw00E2OwyAMhuHTlGUExCSw4CyRATdFE6Dip6PcfpS2s_0svXpkj532Uk_7LK2zYCEIrTQjK9ZVGQnABaOE8dh2ylSxU9iw_19noxet2cOCJymEnCkgNyuqxc13BOdgNUoBEItWcrlwEEIswsx6mifjpRCGDEdw_k7uBjztcmrDtY7-Z_Ilsdi2e6U3wPY6iF3MDUeIlD1ZelE9S_7OMdgrbRRo_Vn6-SSb6bcd1DtV9hxu8yWlkWM_N8roDgrf8HBH9NhjyVdIa70Ixap1wz8c1Z3q5OrI5QZ8vzhvXhsulIQx2x3rmbD60Vj__HI0qm_SLLiCVUn2svIvAAD__wGYeho"></div></div><div><br clear="all"></div><div><br></div><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:x-small">...........................</span><br></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1"><br></font></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1">Bruno Buchberger</font></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1">Dr.phil. Dr.h.c.mult., Member of the Academy of Europe</font></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1">Professor of Computer Mathematics</font></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1">Founder of RISC, Softwarepark Hagenberg and FH Hagenberg<br><br><a href="mailto:buchberger.bruno@gmail.com" target="_blank">buchberger.bruno@gmail.com</a><br>++ 43 664 42 11 646<br><a href="http://www.brunobuchberger.com" target="_blank">www.brunobuchberger.com</a></font></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1"><br>Research Institute for Symbolic Computation (RISC)<br>Johannes Kepler University (JKU), Schloss Hagenberg, A4236 Hagenberg, Austria<br></font><br></div></div></div></div></div>